Germans, Romans and Celts
The technical concept "Germans"
The English called the area North of the Alps "Germany". That is
confusing, for the English themselves, "Anglo-Saxons" are also descendants of
German tribes, as are the Dutch and Scandinavians.
Celts
Celts are the first people entering France that acquired a more or less dense
and continuous spreading of population of tribes maintaining diplomatic ties.
Celts were the people Caesar found when he conquered France (
Caesar shaping Europe
Caesar about Celts (Gauls)).In the centuries before they had spread
themselves over what now is called Turkey, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Austria,
Switzerland, South Germany, Northern Italy, France (except the far south and far
north), England and Ireland. Pretty tough warriors in early stages, but no
builders of an organised imperium. Those of Northern Italy pillaged Rome once
and burned it down in 390 BC. But they always just went home afterwards. They
did form an organised religious system, with general druid conferences also
settling conflicts among Celtic nobility on land, property and marriage issues.
The "French"
The present population of France consists of Celts mixed with people
who entered France in the times of Roman domination, and later, a small group of
Franks (Germans) who took power in the early middle ages. The name "France"
suggests a lot of Frankish (that is: Germanic) blood, but wrongly so.
After the fall of the Roman empire a relatively small tribe of Franks
overpowered the Romano-Celts in France but had to be taught how to rule it (Gaul
had adopted a lot the complicated governmental and juridical procedures of the
Roman empire). Hence, the Franks were unable to impose both their rule and their
language (old-German, as still spoken by Frankish tribes in Hessen, think also
of Frankfurt) and so adopted the language of the conquered.
Hence: the treasured French "francofonie" does not originate from Frankish
language, but from Latin as spoken by Celts. In Roman times France was an
exercise in administration for youngsters of Roman patrician families, and Celts
were trained in Roman administration, law and making the Roman kids believe they
ruled Gaul. This gave Celtic elite excellent routines to deal with the hordes if
primitive Franks when these arrived. Around 500 Clovis could immediately sit
down on one of the chairs left by the Roman elite trainees and be taught in much
the same way by the learned Celtic elite how to rule Gaul.
This exact genetic mix of the French is unknown. To me, something like 60%
Celtic, 20 % German (only part of which Franks), and the rest "Roman" (but see
below, "Roman" is a hot mix itself) and Aquitani, whose home ground, from
centuries before Caesar, was the south west corner of France.
Complete Celtic and Germanic tribes got massacred in the wars in which the Celts
conquered the area, and later when Caesar conquered Gaul, chasing Germanic
tribes and non complying Celts, and again later, after Germanic tribes had
penetrated.
What did it mean if your tribe seriously lost a battle? The men defending your
tribe would be partly killed, partly taken and sold as slaves, and partly may
have succeeded to disappear without a trace, they were not likely see others of
their tribe again. Women, as far as thought attractive, would be taken also,
children and older people left to die or join a related tribe in the vicinity.
Armies of Celts, Germans and Romans were usually accompanied by traders buying
the slaves and spoils, as far as not taken home for triumph. The German tribes
were the only ones who had no slave traders of their own, since trade was
thought to be despicable in German culture. They sold their captives to foreign
merchants.
Obviously, the wars with its production of large amounts of fugitives and slaves
did considerably mix the peoples searching for home ground in France.
"Romans"
The Romans started as a small tribe (
"Hostage Syndrome": Livius on the
Sabine Virgins), and had to dilute the concept "Roman" to get enough
people for their armies. For soldiers to be effective, it was thought, they
needed more than pay and beatings: civil rights, that is formal Roman
citizenship. Thus, early leaders liberally sprinkled Roman citizenship titles
over the crowd of Celtic and even Germanic immigrants and asylum seekers.
In the third and second centuries BC, the red haired Celts had such a reputation
in warfare that the Romans decided to copy them by wearing a kind of red haired
brooms downside up on top of their helmets.
High patrician families kept themselves closed to outsiders. The almost
exclusively intermarried. But the licentious sexual inclinations of the
patrician women allowed the strong young German slaves in the patrician
households to considerably refresh the genetic pool of the Roman elite. The
Romans turned bastarddom into the foundation of elite culture. In the end, from
a DNA point of view, the "Romans" became a healthy mix of all Mediterranean and
northern European tribes.
Tacitus himself, the main source of the conclusions above, originated from a
family in the Province and thus probably was mainly Celtic or Aquitanian, though
there was also al lot of blood there coming from the Greek colony of Marseilles.
More about Gauls and Germans in Caesar shaping Europe