19th Century: Subject definition
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The 19th century witnessed industrialization, participation of larger and larger parts of society in the political decision making processes, the rise of the working class and colonialism growing to a global system.

In economics it marked the transition from Classical economics, a practical science relating to debates on economic matters raging in society, to neoclassical economics, a highly specialized and abstract debate between specialists -among whom more and more academic professors- using more and more mathematics and thus getting more and more locked up in the formal problems of the theory itself. The link between science and social economic politics gradually got lost in mainstream academic economics and was not to be reestablished until the rise of Keynesian macroeconomic thinking in the late thirties of the 20th century.

The most famous classical economists are Adam Smith, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill. Marx is the last historically important economist to adopt their basic ideas. The pioneers of neoclassical economics are Jevons, Menger, Walras, Cassel and Marshall.

More: Heilbroner, Robert, L. The Worldly Philosophers, New York: Simon & Schuster 1953 etc.